You can define template inside of a script element with the type text/x-template, then referencing the template by an id. For example:
<script type="text/x-template" id="hello-world-template">
<p>Hello hello hello</p>
</script>
Vue.component('hello-world', {
template: '#hello-world-template'
})
Your x-template needs to be defined outside the DOM element to which Vue is attached.